Onisaburo Deguchi, Tōyama Mitsuru & Uchida RyoheiIn this *anese name, the surname is Tōyama.

Tōyama Mitsuru (頭山 満, 27 May 1855 – 5 October 1944) was a *anese right wing and ultranationalist founder of Genyosha (Black Ocean Society) and Kokuryukai (Black Dragon Society). Tōyama was a strong advocate of Pan Asianism (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere).

Contents

• 1 Early life
• 2 Covert government cooperation
• 3 Influence in nationalist *an
• 4 Legacy
• 5 See also
• 6 References

Early life

Tōyama was born to a poor samurai family in *uoka City in Kyūshū. In his youth, he fought in the Saga Rebellion of 1874.

In 1881, Tōyama became one of the founders of the Genyosha, a secret society and terrorist organization whose agenda was to agitate for *anese military expansion and conquest of the Asian continent. The society attracted disaffected ex-samurai, and also figures involved in organized crime to *ist in its campaigns of violence and **ination against foreigners and left-wing politicians. In 1889, Tōyama and the Genyosha were implicated in the attempted **ination of foreign minister Ō*a Shigenobu.

Covert government cooperation

Tōyama (left) with his friends, future Prime Minister Tsuyoshi Inukai (center), future President of Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek (right) and others in 1929

Tōyama was both a founder and one-time head of the Black Dragon Society.

Immediately prior to the start of the First Sino-*anese War, Tōyama organized the Tenyukyo, a secret society and paramilitary force that operated in Korea prior to the arrival of the Imperial *anese Army, making detailed topographic maps, scouting out Chinese and Korean military installations and deployment, and arranging for logistic support. Along with Genyosha operatives in Korea and Manchuria, the Tenyukyo provided interpreters and guides to the regular *anese army after their invasion.

Tōyama was a strong supporter of *anese control over Manchuria, and joined forces with the anti-Russian Tairo Doshikai movement in 1903. He also supported the Chinese republican revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty and gave considerable support to Sun Yat-sen. When the Chinese revolution began in 1911, he went to China in person as an advisor and to personally oversee Genyosha activities and to provide *istance to Sun Yat-sen.

Following the Chinese revolution, Tōyama officially retired, and apparently refused to play an active role in the Black Dragon Society (Kokuryu-Kai) that he helped create as a successor to the Genyosha. He remained an influential behind-the-scenes figure in *anese politics during the following years.

Influence in nationalist *an

In the 1930s, he was considered as a superpatriot by a large section of the *anese public, including the military. In 1932, after the **ination of several "liberal" political figures, and following rumors that then Premier Saito and others were to be **inated in turn, the government had Tōyama's house raided and searched, and his son arrested - leading to a momentary pacification of the situation.

Legacy

Grave of Toyama Mitsuru in *uoka Grave of Toyama Mitsuru and his wife in Tokyo

Although Tōyama remained a private citizen all his life, he was known as the "Shadow Shogun," "Spymaster," and "The Boss of Bosses," because of his tremendous covert influence on the nationalist politics and the yakuza crime syndicates. He also wrote an influential book on the "Three Shu" (Katsu Kaishu, Takahashi Deishu, and Yamaoka Tesshu). Despite his ultranationalism, Tōyama was paradoxically on good terms with Onisaburo Deguchi, *an's most fervent pacifist. Tōyama was a charismatic, complex, and controversial figure in his lifetime, and remains so to this day.

He died in 1944 at his summer home on Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture, at the base of Mount Fuji.

Radio Tokyo announced that funeral services lasting more than three hours were held for him in Tokyo.

See also

• Black Dragon Society

References

Obituary; Oct 6, 1944, The New York Times pg. 23Joseph C. Grew, Ten years in *an p 69 ASIN: B0006ER51M