Persian philosopher and historian

Ibn Miskawayh (Persian: مُسْکُـوْيَه Muskūyah, 932–1030), full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Miskawayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran. As a Neoplatonist, his influence on Islamic philosophy is primarily in the area of ethics. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics en*led the Refinement of Character (تهذيب الأخلاق Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from the public realm, and contrasted the liberating nature of reason with the deception and temptation of nature. Miskawayh was a prominent figure in the intellectual and cultural life of his time.

Contents

• 1 Life
• 2 Works
• 3 See also
• 4 References
• 5 Sources

Life

Miskawayh was born in Rey, then under Ziyarid control. Miskawayh may have been a Zoroastrian convert to Islam, but it seems more likely that it was one of his ancestors who converted. During his early career, he spent his life in Baghdad, where he served as the secretary of Muhallabi, the vizier of the Buyid emir Mu'izz al-Dawla. He was fluent enough in Middle Persian to have translated some pre-Islamic texts in that language into Arabic. After a long service to the Buyids of Iraq, Miskawayh moved to the court of Rukn al-Dawla, where he spent seven years working there with the Buyid vizier Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid. In 966, a group of ghazi marched towards the Library of Rey but Miskawayh managed to save it. After the death of Abu'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid in 970, Miskawayh continued to serve the latter's son, Abu'l-Fath, and in 975 along with him left for Baghdad.

He later worked as a secretary and librarian for a sequence of viziers, including 'Adud al-Dawla. Some contemporary sources *ociated him with the Brethren of Purity, claiming that some of his writings were used in the compilation of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity.Miskawayh died in 1030 at Isfahan, then under Kakuyid control.

Works

• Al-Fawz al-Kabir (الفوز الأكبر) - 'The Greatest Victory' contains a Neoplatonic description of the evolution of the soul. The work states that creation begins with God, with the intellect being the first existence to emanate from him. A series of emanations from the intellect results in a chain of being, starting with minerals and proceeding through vegetables, animals, and humans, which results in a cyclic spiritual evolution back to the source of man's creation: God. The Indian Islamic scholar Muhammad Hamidullah compared Miskawayh's views to Darwinian evolutionary thought.
• Tajārib al-Umam (كتاب تجارب الأمم) - 'Experiences of Nations' is one of the first eyewitness chronicles of contemporary events by a Muslim historian. Miskawayh, as an official under the Buyid vizier al-Muhallabi, had access to the internal happenings of the court. The chronicle is a universal history from the beginning of Islam, but it cuts off near the end of the reign of 'Adud al-Dawla.
• Tahdhib al'Akhlaq wa Tathir al'Araq (تهذيب الأخلاق و تطهير الأعراق) - 'Refinement of Morals and Cleansing of Ethics' his major work in the field of philosophy treats principally the philosophy of ethics and was written for students.
• Kitab al-Hukama al-Khalida (كتاب الحكمة الخالدة) - 'Book of Eternal Wisdom' is an Arabic translation from the Persian work Eternal Wisdom (Persian: جاویدان خرد). One m*cript is *led Book of Literatures of the Arabs and Persians (كتاب آداب العرب والفرس).

See also

• List of Muslim historians
• List of Shia Muslims

References

Sources

• Bosworth, C. E. (2002). "Meskawayh, Abu' Ali Aḥmad". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
• Emami, Abu'l-Q*em; Umar, Suheyl (2008). "Abū ʿAlī Miskawayh". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN:1875-9831.
• Ibn Miskawayh, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1329). Kitāb Tahdhīb al-akhlāq wa-taṭhīr al-aʻrāq (in Arabic). Cairo: al-Maṭbaʻah al-Ḥusaynīyah.
• Ibn Miskawaih, Ahmad ibn Muhammad (1917) . Caetani, Leone (ed.). The Tajârib al-umam; or, History of Ibn Miskawayh (in Arabic). Vol.:5&6. London: Luzac.

Concepts

• Takwin
• Philosopher's stone
• Al-iksīr
• Alembic
• Athanor

Works

• Book of Mercy
• Books of the Balances
• al-Burhān fī asrār ʿilm al-mīzān
• Epistle of the Wise Monk Maryanos to the Prince Khālid ibn Yazīd
• Emerald Tablet
• Five Hundred Books
• al-ʿIlm al-muktasab fī zirāʿat al-dhahab
• Mifthāḥ al-ḥikma (Clavis sapientiae)
• al-Miṣbāḥ fī ʿilm al-miftāḥ
• Nabataean Agriculture
• One Hundred and Twelve Books
• Seventy Books
• Sirr al-asrār (pseudo-Aristotle)
• Sirr al-asrār (al-Rāzī)
• Sirr al-khalīqa (Secret of Creation)
• Turba Philosophorum