British Conservative politician (born 1980)

Rishi Sunak (/ˈrɪʃiːˈsuːnæk/; born 12 May 1980) is a British politician serving as Chancellor of the Exchequer since 2020, having previously served as Chief Secretary to the Treasury from 2019 to 2020. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Richmond (Yorks) since 2015.

Born in Southampton to Indian parents who had emigrated from East Africa, Sunak was educated at Winchester College. He subsequently read philosophy, politics and economics at Lincoln College, Oxford, and later gained an MBA from Stanford University as a Fulbright Scholar. While studying at Stanford, he met his future wife Akshata Murthy, the daughter of N. R. Narayana Murthy, the Indian billionaire businessman who founded Infosys. After graduating, he worked for Goldman Sachs and later as a partner at the hedge fund firms The Children's Investment Fund Management and Theleme Partners.

Elected for Richmond (Yorks) at the 2015 general election, he served in Theresa May's second government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government. He voted three times in favour of May's Brexit withdrawal agreement. After May resigned, Sunak was a supporter of Boris Johnson's campaign to become Conservative leader. After Johnson was elected and appointed Prime Minister, he appointed Sunak as Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Sunak replaced Sajid Javid as Chancellor of the Exchequer after his resignation in February 2020.

As Chancellor, he has been prominent in the government's economic response to the economic ramifications of the government's decision to impose lockdown to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom. In April 2022, he became the first Chancellor in British history to have been sanctioned for breaking the law while in office after being issued a fixed penalty notice for breaching COVID-19 regulations during lockdowns.

Contents

• 1 Early life and education
• 2 Business career
• 3 Early political career
  • 3.1 Member of Parliament
  • 3.2 Chief Secretary to the Treasury
• 4 Chancellor of the Exchequer
  • 4.1 Appointment
  • 4.2 COVID-19 pandemic
    • 4.2.1 Job retention scheme
    • 4.2.2 Eat Out to Help Out
    • 4.2.3 March 2021 budget
    • 4.2.4 Fixed penalty notice
  • 4.3 Register of ministers' interests
  • 4.4 G7 tax reform
  • 4.5 Cost of living crisis
  • 4.6 Non-domiciled status of his wife
• 5 Public image
• 6 Personal life
• 7 References
• 8 External links

Early life and education

Sunak was born on 12 May 1980 in Southampton to Indian parents Yashvir and Usha Sunak. He is the eldest of three siblings. His father Yashvir was born and raised in the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (present-day Kenya), while his mother Usha was born in Tanganyika (which later became part of Tanzania). His grandparents were born in Punjab Province, British India, and emigrated from East Africa with their children to the UK in the 1960s. Yashvir was a general prac*ioner, and Usha was a pharmacist who ran a local pharmacy.

Sunak attended Stroud School in Romsey, Hampshire, and Winchester College, a boys' independent boarding school, where he was head boy and the editor of the school paper. He waited tables at a curry house in Southampton during his summer holidays. He read philosophy, politics and economics at Lincoln College, Oxford, taking a first in 2001. During his time at university, he undertook an internship at Conservative Campaign Headquarters. In 2006, he gained an MBA from Stanford University, where he was a Fulbright scholar.

Business career

Sunak worked as an *yst for the investment bank Goldman Sachs between 2001 and 2004. He then worked for the hedge fund management firm The Children's Investment Fund Management, becoming a partner in September 2006. He left in November 2009 in order to join former colleagues at a new hedge fund firm, Theleme Partners, which launched in October 2010 with $700:million under management. He was also a director of the investment firm Catamaran Ventures, owned by his father-in-law, Indian businessman N. R. Narayana Murthy.

Early political career

Member of Parliament

Sunak was selected as the Conservative candidate for Richmond (Yorks) in October 2014. The seat had previously been held by William Hague, a former leader of the party, Foreign Secretary and First Secretary of State, who chose to stand down at the following general election. The seat is one of the safest Conservative seats in the United Kingdom and has been held by the party for over 100 years. In the same year Sunak was head of the Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Research Unit of centre-right think tank Policy Exchange, for which he co-wrote a report on BME communities in the UK. He was elected as MP for the cons*uency at the 2015 general election with a majority of 19,550 (36.2%). During the 2015–2017 parliament he was a member of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee.

Sunak supported the UK leaving the European Union at the June 2016 membership referendum. That year, he wrote a report for the Centre for Policy Studies (a Thatcherite think tank) supporting the establishment of free ports after Brexit, and the following year wrote a report advocating the creation of a retail bond market for small and medium-sized enterprises.

Sunak was re-elected at the 2017 general election, with an increased majority of 23,108 (40.5%). He served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government between January 2018 and July 2019. Sunak voted for then-Prime Minister Theresa May's Brexit withdrawal agreement on all three occasions and voted against a referendum on any withdrawal agreement. He supported Boris Johnson in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election and co-wrote an article in The Times newspaper with fellow MPs Robert Jenrick, and Oliver Dowden to advocate for Johnson during the campaign in June.

Chief Secretary to the Treasury

Sunak was appointed as Chief Secretary to the Treasury by Prime Minister Boris Johnson on 24 July 2019, serving under Chancellor Sajid Javid. He became a member of the Privy Council the next day.

He was re-elected in the 2019 general election with an increased majority of 27,210 (47.2%). During the election campaign, Sunak represented the Conservatives in both the BBC's and ITV's seven-way election debates.

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Appointment

In the weeks leading up to Sunak's appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer, a number of briefings in the press had suggested that a new economic ministry led by Sunak might be established, to reduce the power and political influence of Chancellor Sajid Javid at the Treasury. Sunak was considered to be a Johnson loyalist, favoured by Dominic *mings, and seen as the "rising star" minister who had ably represented the Prime Minister during the 2019 election debates. By February 2020, it was reported by The Guardian that Javid would remain in his role as Chancellor and that Sunak would stay on as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, in order for the Prime Minister's Chief Adviser, *mings, to "keep an eye" on Javid.

Sunak was promoted to Chancellor on 13 February 2020 as part of a cabinet reshuffle, after the resignation of his predecessor, Javid, on the same day. Javid had resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer following a meeting with Prime Minister Johnson. During the meeting, Johnson had offered to keep his position on the condition that he dismiss all of his advisers at the Treasury, to be replaced with individuals selected by *mings. Upon resigning, Javid told the Press *ociation that "no self-respecting minister would accept those terms". Some political commentators saw Sunak's appointment as signalling the end of the Treasury's independence from Downing Street, with Robert Shrimsley, chief political commentator of the Financial Times, arguing that "good government often depends on senior ministers – and the Chancellor in particular – being able to fight bad ideas".

COVID-19 pandemic

Further information: British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic §:Financial response Sunak at a press conference on 20 March 2020 with Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Deputy Chief Medical Officer Jenny Harries

Sunak's first budget took place on 11 March 2020. This included an announcement of £30:billion of additional spending, of which £12:billion was allocated for mitigation of the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

As the pandemic generated financial consequences, Chancellor Sunak's measures received criticism as some workers were unable to qualify for the Treasury's income support measures. The acting leader of the Liberal Democrats, Sir Ed Davey, said that people were being unfairly "hung out to dry", with "their dream jobs turning into nightmares" after hundreds of MPs contacted the Chancellor. The Ins*ute for Employment Studies estimated that 100,000 people could not be eligible for any type of government help as they started a new job too late to be included on the job retention scheme, while the British Hospitality *ociation informed the Treasury Select Committee that between 350,000 and 500,000 workers in its sector were not eligible.

Sunak was part of a committee of Cabinet ministers (also comprising Johnson, Matt Han* and Michael Gove) that made decisions on the pandemic.

Job retention scheme

On 17 March, Sunak announced £330:billion in emergency support for businesses, as well as a furlough scheme for employees. This was the first time a British government had created such an employee retention scheme. The scheme was announced on 20 March 2020 as providing grants to employers to pay 80% of a staff wage and employment costs each month, up to a total of £2,500 per person per month. The cost has been estimated at £14:billion a month to run.

The Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme initially ran for three months and was backdated to 1 March. Following a three-week extension of the countrywide lockdown the scheme was extended by Sunak until the end of June 2020. At the end of May, Sunak extended the scheme until the end of October 2020. The decision to extend the job retention scheme was made to avoid or defer m* redundancies, company bankruptcies and potential unemployment levels not seen since the 1930s. After a second lockdown in England was announced on 31 October 2020, a further extension was announced until 2 December 2020, this was followed on 5 November 2020 by a lengthy extension until 31 March 2021. A further extension until 30 April 2021 was announced by Sunak on 17 December 2020. In the 2021 United Kingdom budget held on 3 March 2021, Sunak confirmed that the scheme had been extended once more until 30 September 2021.

Following changes to the scheme at the end of May, the director of the Northern Ireland Retail Consortium said that being asked to pay wages when businesses had not been trading was an added pressure, while the Federation of Small Businesses was surprised that the Chancellor had announced a tapering of the scheme when ending it. Northern Ireland's economy minister Diane Dodds said that changes to the scheme could be very difficult for some sectors uncertain about when they can reopen, particularly in the hospitality and retail sector, whilst finance minister Conor Murphy said that it was too early in the economic recovery. By 15 August 80,433 firms had returned £215,756,121 that had been claimed under the scheme. Other companies had claimed smaller amounts of grant cash on the next instalment to compensate for any overpayment. HM Revenue and Customs officials believed that £3.5 billion may have been paid out in error or to fraudsters.

Eat Out to Help Out

Main article: Eat Out to Help Out

In July, he unveiled a plan for a further £30:billion of spending which included a stamp duty holiday, a cut to value-added tax (VAT) for the hospitality sector, the Eat Out to Help Out scheme, and a job retention bonus for employers. Eat Out to Help Out was announced to support and create jobs in the hospitality industry. The government subsidised food and soft drinks at participating cafes, pubs and restaurants at 50%, up to £10 per person. The offer was available from 3 to 31 August on Monday to Wednesday each week. In total, the scheme subsidised £849 million in meals. Some consider the scheme to be a success in boosting the hospitality industry, however others disagree. In terms of the COVID-19 pandemic, a study at the University of Warwick found that the scheme contributed to a rise in COVID-19 infections of between 8% and 17%.

In an Ipsos MORI poll in September 2020, Sunak had the highest satisfaction score of any British Chancellor since Labour's Denis Healey in April 1978.

On 26 September, Sunak was said to have opposed a second lockdown with the threat of his resignation, due to what he saw as the dire economic consequences it would have and the responsibility he would have to suffer for that.

March 2021 budget

In his March 2021 budget, he announced that the deficit had risen to £355 billion in the fiscal year 2020/2021, the highest in peacetime. The budget included an increase in the rate of corporation tax from 19% to 25% in 2023, a five-year freeze in the tax-free personal allowance and the higher rate income tax threshold, and the extension of the furlough scheme until the end of September. Sunak was the first Chancellor to raise the corporation tax rate since Healey in 1974.

Fixed penalty notice

On 12 April 2022 Sunak was issued with a fixed penalty notice for breaching COVID-19 regulations during lockdowns. A number of others also received fixed penalty notices including Johnson. Sunak become the first Chancellor in British history to have been found to have broken the law while in office. Keir Starmer has called on Johnson and Sunak to resign.

Register of ministers' interests

In November 2020, Sunak was reported by The Guardian to have not declared a significant amount of his wife and family's financial interests on the register of ministers' interests, including a combined £1.7:billion shareholding in the Indian company Infosys. Sunak is required under the ministerial code to declare interests that are "relevant" to his responsibilities and "which might be thought to give rise to a conflict" with his public duties. A Treasury spokesperson said that Sunak "followed the ministerial code to the letter in his declaration of interests". The Labour MP Tonia Antoniazzi wrote to Lord Evans, chair of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, to *ess whether the ministerial code was breached by Sunak.

G7 tax reform

Sunak and US Secretary of the Treasury Janet Yellen at the 2021 G7 finance ministers' meeting

In June 2021, at the G7 summit hosted by Sunak at Lancaster House in London, a tax reform agreement was signed, which in principle, sought to establish a global minimum tax on multinationals and online technology companies. In October 2021, the OECD signed an accord to join the tax reform plan.

Cost of living crisis

Main article: October 2021 United Kingdom budget

In October 2021, Sunak unveiled his third budget. It included substantial spending promises to a large extent related to science and education.

Sunak gave his spring statement on 23 March 2022. He said that the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic had been disrupted by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He cut fuel duty, removed VAT on energy saving equipment (such as solar panels and insulation) and reduced national insurance payments for small businesses and while continuing with a planned national insurance rise in April he promised to align the primary threshold with the basic personal income allowance as of July. He also promises a reduction in income tax in 2024. The Office for Budget Responsibility said that the tax burden would reach its highest level since the 1940s. Sunak also provided some funding to help vulnerable people cope with the rising cost of living, however most political commentators and consumer groups considered the response as insufficient.

Keir Starmer maintains Sunak is out of touch with the struggles of ordinary people due to the cost of living crisis. Starmer said, "They are really worried about paying the bills. The most repeated thing said to me, particularly from older people, is that they are not putting the heating on, or sitting in their dressing gown all day, because too scared to turn up the heating."

Non-domiciled status of his wife

Sunak's wife, Akshata Murthy, has non-domiciled status, which means she does not have to pay tax on income earned abroad while living in the UK. She pays around £30,000 to secure the status, which allows her to avoid paying an estimated £20 million in UK taxes. Following media controversy, Murty announced on 8 April that she would pay UK taxes on her global income, adding in a statement that she didn't want the issue "to be a distraction for my husband". On 10 April it was announced that a Whitehall inquiry had been launched into who had leaked the details of her tax status. On 11 April 2022 The Guardian wrote, "Keir Starmer has accused Rishi Sunak of taxation "hypocrisy" on the grounds that he is putting up taxes for ordinary Britons while his family has been reducing its own tax liabilities."

Public image

Sunak arrived in public discourse from relative obscurity at the start of 2020. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, he was very popular by the standards of British politics, being described by one *yst as having "better ratings than any politician since the heydays of Tony Blair". Various polling suggested he maintained this position throughout 2020. Sunak developed something of a cult media following with jokes and gossip about him being sexually attractive becoming widespread on social media and in magazines.

Public at*udes towards Sunak remained broadly positive in 2021, though his popularity declined steadily over time. By early 2022, with the cost of living becoming a growing focus of public concern, Sunak's response was perceived to be inadequate and he received some of his lowest ever approval ratings. This fall continued as the Sunak family's financial affairs came under scrutiny.

Personal life

Sunak married Akshata Murthy, the daughter of the Indian billionaire N. R. Narayana Murthy, the founder of Infosys, in August 2009. Akshata Murthy owns a 0.91% stake in Infosys, which is valued at about $900m (£690m), as of April 2022. Infosys continued to operate in Russia following Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, which led to criticism of Sunak and his family, but in April Infosys announced it was closing its Russian office.

Akshata and Sunak met while studying at Stanford University; they have two daughters. Akshata is a director of her father's investment firm, Catamaran Ventures, and also manages her own fashion label. They live at Kirby Sigston Manor in the village of Kirby Sigston, near to Northallerton, North Yorkshire. They also own a house in Kensington in central London, a flat on the Old Brompton Road, London, and a penthouse apartment in Santa Monica, California.

Sunak is a Hindu, and has taken his oath at the House of Commons on the Bhagavad Gita since 2017. He is a teetotaller. He was previously a governor of the East London Science School. Sunak has a Labrador called Nova.

Sunak's brother Sanjay is a psychologist with five degrees. His sister Raakhi works as the Head of Humanitarian, Peacebuilding, UN Funds & Programmes at the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. He is close friends with The Spectator's political editor James Forsyth, whom he has known since their schooldays at Winchester College. Sunak was the best man at Forsyth's wedding to the journalist Allegra Stratton, and they are godparents to each other's children.

In April 2022 it was reported that Sunak and his wife had moved out of Downing Street to a newly-refurbished, luxury West London home.

In the Sunday Times Rich List 2022 ranking of the wealthiest people in the UK he was placed 222nd with an estimated fortune jointly with his wife of £730million, making him the "first frontline politician to join the rich list".

References

External links

• Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
• Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
• Voting record at Public Whip
• Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou